Impact of Nano Selenium and Sodium Selenate on Growth and Biochemical Reactions of Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L) Viroflay Variety Under Greenhouse Conditions

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 MSc Graduated, Department of Horticultural sciences, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran

2 Associate professor, Department of Horticultural sciences, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran

10.22084/ppt.2025.30036.2138

Abstract

Introduction
Selenium is one of the essential food elements for humans and animals. Seleno-proteins participate in antioxidant defense systems and regulation of oxidation in mammals. Thus, their deficiency leads to immune system dysfunction. Selenium concentration in soils has been declared insufficient and as a result, approximately 15-20% of children and adults suffer from selenium deficiency, worldwide. Plants, as the best source of selenium for humans and animals, absorb this element from the soil and enter it to the food chain. Nanotechnology is a promising field of bioengineering. Selenium nanoparticles have been introduced as stable nanoparticles in the form of fertilizers in agriculture. Foliar spraying of plants with nano-selenium has been associated with the improvement of antioxidant defense mechanisms, photosynthetic indices and secondary metabolites.
Spinach, an annual and long-day plant, is one of the important leafy vegetables of temperate regions. Fresh spinach contains sugars, lecithin, secretin, chlorophyll, carotene, saponins, phenolic compounds, caffeic acid, ortho-coumaric acid, para-coumaric acid, myristicin and oxalates. Since selenium is one of the useful elements in plants (including spinach) and due to toxic effects of this element in high concentrations, in this research, the impacts of selenium (in both bulk and nano forms) were considered on spinach plants. The aim of this research was to compare foliar spraying with nano-selenium (5, 10 and 20 mg/L) and sodium selenate (5, 10 and 20 mg/L) on growth (leaf and root dry matter, plant and root length and leaf number), physiological (ion leakage, proline content and malondialdehyde) and antioxidant parameters (phenol, flavonoid content, antioxidant and the activity of catalase and peroxidase enzymes) in spinach.
 
Material and Methods
The current study was carried out in a greenhouse condition (24-27 ºC, RH=80%) in horticulture department, Hormozgan university, 2022. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design. The spinach virofly variety was utilized to be treated with the following treatments. The factors were included foliar spraying of nano selenium (5, 10 and 20 mg/L), sodium selenate (5, 10 and 20 mg/L) and drip irrigation with distilled water (control plants). Growth (leaf and root dry matter, plant and root length, leaf number) and biochemical (Proline content, ion leakage, MDA, flavonoid and phenol contents, antioxidant and the activity of catalase and peroxidase enzymes) traits were investigated at the end of the experiment. The normality of the data was determined by the Shapiro-Wilk method. Tukey's test was performed to compare the mean (P < 0.01, 0.05). Statistical analysis of data was done using SAS Ver.9.4 software. Also, the figurs were drawn  via EXCEL 2016 program.
 
Results
Based on findings, increased root dry matter, proline content, flavonoids, plant length and peroxidase were obtained via rising the levels of both treatments. Results indicated that, increasing the concentration of nano-Se up to 10 mg/L improved leaf dry matter, ion leakage, antioxidant and catalase enzyme activity, and as reaching up to 20 mg/L, these traits decreased. Nevertheless, enhancing sodium selenate up to 20 mg/L, boosted the antioxidant and catalase enzyme activities, and leaf number. However, the maximum activity of catalase enzyme was recorded at 5 mg/L. Despite being the lowest amount at 5 mg/L of nano-Se, leaf number showed a rising trend at other levels. While merely 5 mg/L of sodium selenate boosted leaf dry matter, other levels of this treatment reduced it. Root length was also enhanced only under 5 mg/L nano-Se and a decline in this trait was recorded at other selenium concentrations (both nano and bulk forms). MDA and phenol also showed the highest content only at 5 mg/L of sodium selenate. In the meantime, a reduction was observed in its content under other levels of sodium selenate as well as all levels of nano-Se. In contrast, ion leakage was highest at 10 mg/L of sodium selenate and descended at other levels.
 
Conclusion
 Data obtained from the impact of various selenium compounds on spinach Virofly variety in this research, indicated that high levels of selenium in nano form had an ascending effect on shoot and root length, proline content and POX activity, and in the form of sodium selenate on root dry matter and leaf number. Nevertheless, the highest level of nano-Se showed a reducing trend in MDA. In addition, data illustrated the enhancing effects of medium levels of nano-Se on root length and anti
oxidant activity, and sodium selenate on flavonoid, phenol and CAT activity. But, the reduction of ion leakage occurred at the lowest level of sodium selenate. Eventually, according to data, 5 mg/L of sodium selenate and, in the case of the nano form, 20 mg/L, were among the most effective levels of these treatments in this experiment. This difference in the effect of various levels of treatments on the studied traits shows that each trait appears optimally under certain levels of treatments. Therefore, the importance of selenium compounds (bulk or nano) dosage must be highlighted in research activities.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

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Volume 17, Issue 1
June 2025
Pages 87-106

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