Study of Changes in Morphophysiological and Biochemical Indices of Some Grape Cultivars (Vitis vinifera L.) with the Application of salicylic Acid under Salt Stress Conditions

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Ph.D. Student, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran

2 Assistant Professor, Markazi Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (Areeo), Arak, Iran

3 Associate Professor, Department of Agriculture and Plant Breeding, Arak Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran

4 Assistant Professor, Department of Agriculture and Plant Breeding, Arak Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran

10.22084/ppt.2025.30688.2154

Abstract

Introduction
One of the most common abiotic stresses is salinity stress, and according to available reports, about 20% of the irrigated lands and 57% of the land around the world are affected by severe salinity. Studies have proven that salinity stress is harmful to the growth and development of existing crops through physiological and biochemical processes, including chlorophyll synthesis, photosynthesis, respiration, and ion homeostasis. On the other hand, salicylic acid is an endogenous messenger responsible for inducing tolerance in plants under biotic and abiotic stresses. It also increases the production of antioxidant enzymes such as peroxidase in stressed plants. Considering that Iran is one of the arid and semi-arid regions of the world, and agricultural lands are always facing an increase in salinity, it seems that by strengthening the mechanisms of resistance to salinity stress in plants, it is possible to sustainably produce horticultural products. took action The general purpose of this research was to select a grape variety resistant to salt stress from the varieties of Bidane Sefid, Lal, Shirazi, and Sahebi and to reduce the damage caused by salt stress by using salicylic acid.
 
Materials and Methods
To investigate some morphological, physiological and biochemical changes of grape cultivars under salinity and salicylic acid stress, an experiment was conducted in the greenhouse of the Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Arak city in the form of a split split plot (the main plot includes salinity at 4 levels (0, 30, 60 and 90 mM NaCl salt), sub-plot including foliar spraying of salicylic acid at 3 levels (0, 150 and 300 mg L-1) and sub-plot including 4 grape varieties (Bidane Sefid, Black Lal, Shirazi and Sahebi) It was implemented in the form of randomized complete block design in 3 replications. 30 cm long grape cuttings were obtained from a commercial garden in Khandab city, 20 km from Arak city. At the end of December, the uniform and disease-free cuttings, after being prepared and transferred to the laboratory and treated with the growth regulator indole-butyric acid (at a concentration of 1000 ppm), were cultivated in culture boxes containing airy sand. After the establishment of the cuttings (June), salt stress was applied. for this purpose, it started from low concentrations and reached the final concentration at each level, and continued until the end of the test period (6 weeks). Simultaneously with the onset of salinity stress, salicylic acid treatment was carried out as a foliar spray in four stages. To prevent salt accumulation in the cultivation beds, once a week, the bed was completely washed with distilled water and before applying the salinity stress, the electrical conductivity of the used salts was also measured.
 
Results and Discussion
To investigate some morphological, physiological and biochemical changes in grape cultivars under salinity and salicylic acid stress, an experiment was conducted in the greenhouse of the Arak Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center in the form of a split plot (the main plot included salinity at 4 levels (0, 30, 60 and 90 mM sodium chloride), A subplot including foliar spraying of salicylic acid at 3 levels (0, 150, and 300 mg L-1) and a subplot including 4 grape cultivars (Bidane Sefid, Lal, Shirazi, and Sahebi) were implemented in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. The results showed that photosynthetic pigments and stomatal density in leaves decreased significantly with increasing salinity stress, leaf area, and number. Also, at the 90 mM stress level in the Bidaneh cultivar, the lowest relative water content (23%) and potassium element in the leaf (23.6%) were observed. The ion leakage rate (35.1%), sodium element content (20.2%), and sodium/potassium ratio in the leaf (22.12%) increased in this treatment. In contrast, the application of salicylic acid at salinity stress levels reduced the effects of stress, such that salicylic acid treatment at 300 mg/L caused a 33.5% reduction in leaf sodium content in the pomegranate cultivar under salinity stress, and the highest levels of chlorophyll a and total pigments were also recorded at the same concentration in the pomegranate cultivar. In general, it was observed that a concentration of 300 mg L-1 of salicylic acid under salt stress conditions improved conditions and increased growth in grape cultivars. In terms of cultivar resistance, among the studied cultivars, Lal cultivar had the highest and Bidaneh cultivar had the lowest resistance to salt stress. Potential mechanisms of salinity effects in plants include: (1) salinity-induced disturbances in growth and development through water stress and (2) cytotoxicity due to excessive uptake of ions such as sodium and chloride. An increase in soil salinity can cause direct competition between ions in different transporters in the root plasma membrane (such as potassium-selective ion channels) or decrease the mass solution of mineral nutrients in the root by reducing the osmotic potential. In addition, reducing sodium levels in salicylic acid treatments leads to less membrane damage, higher water content, and dry matter formation. In addition, salicylic acid counteracts the damage caused by salt stress by regulating osmolyte absorption and ion homeostasis by reducing the production of chlorogenic acid.
 
Conclusions
In general, it was observed that the concentration of 300 mg L-1 of salicylic acid in salt stress conditions improved the conditions and increased the growth of grape cultivars. In terms of cultivar resistance, among the studied cultivars, the Lal cultivar had the highest resistance to salt stress, and the Bidane cultivar had the least resistance.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

Aazami, M. A., Maleki, M., Rasouli, F. and Gohari, G. (2023). Protective effects of chitosan based salicylic acid nanocomposite (CS-SA NCs) in grape (Vitis vinifera cv.‘Sultana’) under salinity stress. Scientific reports, 13(1), 883.‏ https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-27618-z
Abbasi, F., Khaleghi, A. and Khadivi, A. (2020). The Effect of salicylic acid on physiological and morphological traits of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Gesunde Pflanzen, 72, 155–162. https://doi.org/:10.1007/s10343-019-00496-0
Abd El-Gawad, H. G., Mukherjee, S., Farag, R., Abd Elbar, O. H., Hikal, M., Abou El-Yazied, A. and Ibrahim, M. F. (2021). Exogenous γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-induced signaling events and field performance associated with mitigation of drought stress in Phaseolus vulgaris L. Plant Signaling and Behavior, 16 (2), 1853384. https://doi.org/10.1080/15592324.2020.1853384.
Abd_Allah, E. F., Hashem, A., Alqarawi, A. A., Bahkali, A. H. and Alwhibi, M. S. (2015). Enhancing growth performance and systemic acquired resistance of medicinal plant Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr using arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi under salt stress. Saudi journal of biological sciences, 22(3), 274-283.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2015.03.004
Abedi, B., Aran, M., Tehranifar, A., Parsa, M., Davarpanah, S. and Mazaraie, A. (2019). Effect of different levels of sodium nitroprusside on some morphological and physiological characteristics of three grapevine cultivars under drought stress conditions. Research in Pomology, 4(2), 1-17. (in Farsi)‏
Aires, E. S., Ferraz, A. K. L., Carvalho, B. L., Teixeira, F. P., Rodrigues, J. D. and Ono, E. O. (2022). Foliar application of salicylic acid intensifies antioxidant system and photosynthetic efficiency in tomato plants. Bragantia, 81, e1522. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4499.20210320 
Alinejad, G., Amiri, J. and Rasouli-Sadaghiani, M. H. (2024). Potassium silicate counteracts salt-induced damage associated with changes in some growth characteristics, physiological, biochemical responses, and nutrient contents in two grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivars. VITIS, 63, Art. 4, 13 pp. DOI: 10.5073/vitis.2024.63.04.
Al-Taey, D. K. A. and Al-Ameer, A. (2023). Effect of Salinity on the Growth and Yield of Grapes: A review. 4th International Conference of Modern Technologies in Agricultural Sciences IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1262: 042038 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1262/4/042038.
Bazgeer, S., Behrouzi, M., Nouri, H., Nejatian, M. A. and Akhzari, D. (2022). Effect of dust on growth and reproductive characteristics of grapevine (Vitis vinifera). International Journal of Horticultural Science & Technology, 9, 301- 313. DOI: 10.22059/ijhst.2021.320693.448.
Biareh, V., Shekari, F., Sayfzadeh, S., Zakerin, H., Hadidi, E., Beltrão, J. G. T. and Mastinu, A. (2022). Physiological and qualitative response of Cucurbita pepo L. to salicylic acid under controlled water stress conditions. Horticulturae, 8(1), 79. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8010079
Bin-Jumah, M., Abdel-Fattah, A. F. M., Saied, E. M., El-Seedi, H. R. and Abdel-Daim, M. M. (2021). Acrylamide-induced peripheral neuropathy: manifestations, mechanisms, and potential treatment modalities. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 13031-13046.‏  10.1007/s11356-020-12287-6
Chapman, H. D. and Pratt, P. F. (1962). Methods of analysis for soils, plants and waters. Soil Science, 93(1), 68.‏ 10.1097/00010694-196201000-00015 
Doulati Baneh, H. (2016). Salinity effects on plant tissue nutritional status as well as growth and physiological factors in some cultivars and interspecies hybrids of grape. Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science, 47, 33-44. https://ijhs.ut.ac.ir/article_57689.html
Ekbiç, H. B. and Yorulmaz, U. (2023). Effect of Foliar Salicylic Acid Application on Salinity Resistance of Some Grapevine Rootstocks. Erwerbs-Obstbau, 65(6), 2045-2053.‏ https://doi.org/10.1007/s10341-023-00898-5
Farjad, M., Nankali, A., Abdollahi, H., Khosroshahli, M., Rezaei, A. and Rasouli, V. (2023). Preliminary evaluation of salinity stress tolerance in some grapevine native cultivars and hybrid rootstocks under in vitro conditions. Seed and Plant, 39, 175-201 (In Persian). DOI: 10.22092/spj.2024.363853.1330
Farouk, S. and AL-Huqail, A. A. (2022). Sustainable biochar and/ or melatonin improve salinity tolerance in borage plants by modulating osmotic adjustment, antioxidants, and ion homeostasis. Plants, 11(6), 765. DOI: 10.3390/plants11060765
Grigore, M. and Vicente, O. (2023). Wild Halophytes: Tools for Understanding Salt Tolerance Mechanisms of Plants and for Adapting Agriculture to Climate Change. Plants, 12, 221, DOI: 10.3390/plants12020221.
Hamani, A. K. M., Li, S., Chen, J., Amin, A. S., Wang, G., Xiaojun, S., Zain, M. and Gao, Y. (2021). Linking exogenous foliar application of glycine betaine and stomatal characteristics with salinity stress tolerance in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) seedlings. BMC Plant Biology, 21, 146. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-021-02892-z
Hasanuzzaman, M., Shabala, L., Zhou, M., Brodribb, T. J., Corkrey, R. and Shabala, S. (2018). Factors determining stomatal and non-stomatal (residual) transpiration and their contribution towards salinity tolerance in contrasting barley genotypes. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 153, 10–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envex pbot.2018.05.002
Hasanuzzaman, M., Zhou, M. and Shabala, S. (2023). How does stomatal density and residual transpiration contribute to osmotic stress tolerance? Plants, 12(3), 494.‏ doi: 10.3390/plants12030494
Hayat, K., Zhou, Y., Menhas, S., Hayat, S., Aftab, T., Bundschuh, J. and Zhou, P. (2022). Salicylic acid confers salt tolerance in Giant Juncao through modulation of redox homeostasis, ionic fux, and bioactive compounds: an ionomics and metabolomic perspective of induced tolerance responses. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, https://doi. org/10.1007/s00344-022-10581-w
Iqbal, M. N., Rasheed, R., Ashraf, M. Y., Ashraf, M. A. and Hussain, I. (2018). Exogenously applied zinc and copper mitigate salinity effect in maize (Zea mays L.) by improving key physiological and biochemical attributes. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25, 23883-23896.‏ https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2383-6
Jalili, I., Ebadi, A., Askari, M. A., KalatehJari, S. and Aazami, M. A. (2023). Foliar application of putrescine, salicylic acid, and ascorbic acid mitigates frost stress damage in Vitis vinifera cv.‘ Giziluzum’. BMC Plant Biology, 23(1), 135.‏ https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-023-04126-w
Jamshidi Jam, B., Shekari, F., Andalibi, B., Fotovat, R., Jafarian, V. and Dolatabadian, A. (2023). The effects of salicylic acid and silicon on safflower seed yield, oil content, and fatty acids composition under salinity stress. Silicon, 15(9), 4081-4094.‏‏‏ 10.1007/s12633-023-02308-7
Javed, S. A., Jaffar, M. T., Shahzad, S. M., Ashraf, M., Piracha, M. A., Mukhtar, A. and Zhang, J. (2024). Optimization of nitrogen regulates the ionic homeostasis, potassium efficiency, and proline content to improve the growth, yield, and quality of maize under salinity stress. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 226, 105836.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2024.105836
Kang, G., Li, G. and Guo, T. (2014). Molecular mechanism of salicylic acid-induced abiotic stress tolerance in higher plants. Acta Physiol. Plant, 36, 2287–2297. DOI: 10.1007/s11738-014-1603-z
Kapoor, D., Bhardwaj, S., Landi, M., Sharma, A., Ramakrishnan, M. and Sharma, A. (2020). The impact of drought in plant metabolism: How to exploit tolerance mechanisms to increase crop production. Applied Sciences, 10 (16), 5692. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10165692
‏Karimi, R., Gavili-Kilaneh, K. and Khadivi, A. (2022). Methyl jasmonate promotes salinity adaptation responses in two grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivars differing in salt tolerance. Food Chemistry, 375, 131667.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131667
Kaur, H., Hussain, S. J., Kaur, G., Poor, P., Alamri, S., Siddiqui, M. H. and Khan, I. M. R. (2022). Salicylic acid improves nitrogen fixation, growth, yield and antioxidant defense mechanisms in chickpea genotypes under salt stress. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, 41, 2034–2047, DOI: 10.1007/s00344- 022-10592-7.
Kotagiri, D. and Kolluru, V. C. (2017). Effect of salinity stress on the morphology & physiology of five different Coleus species. Biomedical & Pharmacology Journal, 10: 1639–1649. doi:10.13005/bpj/1275.
Kusumi, K. (2013). Measuring stomatal density in rice. Bio-protocol, 3(9), e753-e753.‏
Lamnai, K., Anaya, F., Fghire, R., Janah, I., Wahbi, S. and Loutfi, K. (2022). Salicylic acid and iron reduce salt-induced oxidative stress and photosynthesis inhibition in strawberry plants. Russian Journal of Plant Physiology, 69(5), 103. DOI: 10.1134/S1021443722050119
Lichtenthaler, H. K. (1987). Chlorophylls and carotenoids: pigments of photosynthetic biomembranes. In Methods in enzymology. 148, 350-382. Academic Press.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/0076-6879(87)48036-1
Lu, X., Ma, L., Zhang, C., Yan, H., Bao, J., Gong, M., Wang, W., Li, S., Ma, S. and Chen, B. (2022). Grapevine (Vitis vinifera) responses to salt stress and alkali stress: transcriptional and metabolic profiling. BMC Plant Biology, 22, 528 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03907-z.
Lutts, S., Kinet, J.M. and Bouharmont, J. (1995). Changes in plant response to NaCl during development of rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties differing in salinity resistance. Journal of Experimental Botany, 46(12), 1843–1852. doi: 10.1093/jxb/46.12.1843.
Mirfatah, S. M. M., Rasouli, M., Gholami, M. and Mirzakhani, A. (2024). Phenotypic diversity of some Iranian grape cultivars and genotypes (Vitis vinifera L.) using morpho-phenological, bunch and berry traits. Journal of horticulture and postharvest research, 7(2), 115-140. DOI: 10.22077/jhpr.2024.7165.1355
Narouizad, S., Mozaffari, H., Arvin, S. M. J. and Khandani, Y. (2023). The effect of foliar spraying of salicylic acid and silica on improving the quality of Mazafati date cultivar. Journal of Plant Production Research, 30 (2), 77-97. (In Farsi). DOI: 10.22069/jopp.2022.20435.2954
Nazari, F., Maleki, M. and Rasouli, M. (2022). Effect of salicylic acid on changes in superoxide dismutase enzyme activity, protein, proline, and some photosynthetic pigments in grape (Vitis vinifera L.) bidane ghermez and bidane sefid cultivars at two growth stages. Erwerbs-Obstbau, 64(1), 37-45.‏ https://doi.org/10.1007/s10341-022-00683-w
Nizamdoost, S., Farrokhzad, A. and Rasouli Sedkiani, M.H. (2015). The effect of salicylic acid foliar application on some physiological and biochemical characteristics of "Bidane Sefid" grapes under boron toxicity. Research in fruit growing, 1 (1), 15-29. (In Persian). https://sid.ir/paper/209271/fa
Noreen, S., Sultan, M., Akhter, M. S., Shah, K. H., Ummara, U., Manzoor, H. and Ahmad, P. (2021) Foliar fertigation of ascorbic acid and zinc improves growth, antioxidant enzyme activity and harvest index in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) grown under salt stress. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 158, 244 -254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.11.007
Nowshehri, J. A., Bhat, Z. A. and Shah, M. Y. (2015). Blessings in disguise: Bio-functional benefits of grape seed extracts. Food Research International, 77, 333-348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2015.08.026
Orsini, F., Alnayef, M., Bona, S., Maggio, A. and Gianquinto, G. (2012). Low stomatal density and reduced transpiration facilitate strawberry adaptation to salinity. Environ. Exp. Bot., 81, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2012.02.005
Osakabe, Y., Osakabe, K., Shinozaki, K. and Tran, L.S.P. (2014). Response of plants to water stress. Frontiers in Plant Science, 5, 86. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2014.00086
Osman, M. S., Badawy, A. A., Osman, A.I. and Latef, A.A.H.A. (2020). Ameliorative impact of an extract of the halophyte Arthrocnemum macrostachyum on growth and biochemical parameters of soybean under salinity stress. Journal of Plant Growth Regul., 40(3), 1–12.‏ DOI:10.1007/s00344-020-10185-2
Parihar, P., Singh, S., Singh, R., Singh, V.P. and Prasad, S. M. (2015). Effect of salinity stress on plants and its tolerance strategies: a review. Environmental science and pollution research, 22, 4056-4075.‏ http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11356-014-3739-1
Paul, A., Kakoti, M., Dutta, P., Hazarika, B., Robertson, A., Talukdar, N. and Ray, S. (2024). Role of Salicylic Acid in Mitigating Stress and Improving Productivity of Crops: A Review. Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology, 27(7), 1351-1361. https://doi.org/10.9734/jabb/2024/v27i71097
Rahbarian, R., Khavari-nejad, R., Ganjeali, A., Bagheri, A. R., and Najafi, F. (2011). Drought stress effects on photosynthesis, chlorophyll fluorescence and water relations in tolerant and susceptible chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes. Acta Biologica Cracoviensia-Series Botanica, 53, 47-56. DOI: 10.2478/v10182-011-0007-2
Rahneshan, Z., Nasibi, F. and Moghadam, A. A. (2018). Effects of salinity stress on some growth, physiological, biochemical parameters and nutrients in two pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) rootstocks. Journal of plant interactions, 13(1), 73-82.‏ https://doi.org/10.1080/17429145.2018.1424355
Rajeshwari, V. and Bhuvaneshwari, V. (2017). Salicylic acid induced salt stress tolerance in plants. International Journal of Plant Biology and Research, 5, 1067. ISSN: 2333-6668.
Raoufi, A., Rahemi, M., Salehi, H. and Javanshah, A. (2020). Selecting high performance rootstocks for pistachio cultivars under salinity stress based on their morpho-physiological characteristics. International Journal of Fruit Science, 20 (2), 29-47.‏ https://doi.org/10.1080/15538362.2019.1701616
Rasouli, F., Kiani-Pouya, A., Tahir, A., Shabala, L., Chen, Z. and Shabala, S. (2021). A comparative analysis of stomatal traits and photosynthetic responses in closely related halophytic and glycophytic species under saline conditions. Environ. Exp. Bot., 181, 104300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2020.104300
Ren, A. and Wang, Y. (2010). Effects of salt stress on stomatal differentiation and movement of Amaranth (Amaranthus tricolor L.) leaves. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 37(3), 479-484. http://yyxb.periodicals.net.cn/default.html
Ritchie, J.T. and Jordan, W.R. (1972). Dryland Evaporative Flux in a Subhumid Climate: IV. Relation to Plant Water Status 1. Agronomy Journal, 64(2), 173-176. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1972.00021962006400020014x‏ 
Roche, D. (2015). Stomatal conductance is essential for higher yield potential of C3 crops. Crit. Rev. Plant Science, 34, 429–453. https://doi.org/10.1080/07352689.2015.1023677
Roshdy, M., Elhady, S. A., Shaban, M. and Esmail, M. F. (2021). Experimental investigation of the performance of a single‐slope solar still under Aswan climate conditions. IET Renewable Power Generation, 15 (16), 3901-3914.‏ https://doi.org/10.1049/rpg2.12306
Salehnia, M. and Rafati, M. (2023). Dynamic analysis of economic, environmental and social dimensions of agricultural sustainability in Iranian provinces with the approach of indicators. Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development, 37(1), 17-34. https://doi.org/10.22067/jead.2022.74534.1110
Siahmansour, S., Ehtsham Nia, A. and Rezainejad, A. (2020). The effect of foliar spraying of salicylic acid on the morphological-physiological and bio-chemical characteristics of physalis under salinity stress conditions. Journal of Plant Production Research, 27 (1), 178-165. (In Persian).  10.22069/jopp.2020.16087.2448
Siahmansour, S., Ehtsham Nia, A. and Rezainejad, A. (2023). Growth, physiological and biochemical responses of Physalis plant to salicylic acid foliar application under water stress. Journal of Iranian Horticultural Sciences, 54 (1), 83-67. (In Persian).  10.22059/ijhs.2023.329083.1964
Silva, E. N., Silveira, J.A.G., Rodrigues, C. R. F. and Viégas, R. A. (2021). Physiological adjustment to salt stress in Jatropha curcas is associated with accumulation of salt ions, transport and selectivity of K+, osmotic adjustment and K+/N a+ homeostasis. Plant Biology, 17(5), 1023-1029.‏ https://doi.org/10.1111/plb.12337
Taheri, S., Arghavani, M. and Mortazavi, S. (2017). Morphophysiologycal evaluation of Bermuda grass under salicylic acid treatment in water deficit conditions. Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science, 2, 431-442. (In Persian). DOI: 10.22059/ijhs.2017.221966.1140
Wang, W., Wu, Z., He, Y., Huang, Y., Li, X. and Ye, B. C. (2018). Plant growth promotion and alleviation of salinity stress in Capsicum annuum L. by Bacillus isolated from saline soil in Xinjiang. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety, 164, 520-529.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.08.070
Wang, Z., Tan, W., Yang, D., Zhang, K., Zhao, L., Xie, Z., Xu, T., Zhao, Y., Wang, X., Pan, X. and Zhang, D. (2021). Mitigation of soil salinization and alkalization by bacterium-induced inhibition of evaporation and salt crystallization. The Science of The Total Environment, 755, 142511. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142511.
Yang, Y., Guo, Y., 2018: Elucidating the molecular mechanisms mediating plant salt-stress responses. New Phytologist 217, 523–539, DOI: 10.1111/nph.14920.
Zhou‐Tsang, A., Wu, Y., Henderson, S.W., Walker, A.R., Borneman, A.R., Walker, R.R. and Gilliham, M. (2021). Grapevine salt tolerance. Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research, 27(2), 149-168.‏ https://doi.org/10.1111/ajgw.12487
Zuo, Z., Ye, F., Wang, Z., Li, S., Li, H., Guo, J. and Li, X. (2021). Salt acclimation induced salt tolerance in wild-type and chlorophyl b-deficient mutant wheat. Plant, Soil and Environment, 67(1), 26-32.‏ https://doi.org/10.17221/429/2020-PSE
 
Volume 17, Issue 1
June 2025
Pages 139-156

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics