The Effects of Different Levels of Nitrogen and Plant Density on Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium Uptake, Nitrogen Use and Uptake Efficiency in Cumin (Cuminum cyminum) Fruit

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

1 M.Sc. Student, Department of Medicinal Plant, Spices and Beverage Plants, Faculty of Agriculture, Azad University of Damghan, Damghan, Iran

2 Associate Professor, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

3 M.Sc. Student, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

4 M.Sc. Graduated, Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran

Abstract

In order to investigate the effects of different levels of nitrogen and plant density on the uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, nitrogen use and uptake efficiency in Cuminum cyminum fruits, a factorial experiment based on randomized complete blocks design with three plant densities, four nitrogen levels and three replications at field experimental of Nasar conservatory in Golge Rokh Torbat Heydarei was conducted. The results of this study showed that interaction effects between nitrogen fertilizer and plant density had significant effect (P≤ 0.01) on potassium and phosphorus percentage, but there were no significant effect on nitrogen percentage, use and uptake efficiency. According to the results of mean comparison, maximum uptake of N, P and K were obtained at 100 plant/m2 with 150 kg/ha N application. Furthermore, the highest nitrogen use and uptake efficiency were obtained from 50 kg/ha and 120 plant/m2,respectively. In conclusion, the results of this study showed that with decreasing plant density, potassium, nitrogen and phosphorus uptake were increased, due to the low competition among the plants for obtaining their required nutrients. Although the same effect on use and uptake efficiency were not observed.

Keywords

Main Subjects


احترامیان، ک. 1381. تأثیر سطوح مختلف کود نیتروژن و تاریخ کاشت بر عملکرد و اجزاء عملکرد زیره سبز در منطقه کوشکک استان فارس. پایان­نامه کارشناسی­ارشد مدیریت مناطق بیابانی. دانشگاه شیراز. 87 صفحه.
اکبری نیا، ا.، قلاوند، ا.، سفیدکن، ف.، رضایی، م. ب. و شریفی عاشورآبادی، ا. 1382. بررسی تأثیر کودهای شیمیایی، دامی و تلفیقی بر عملکرد و میزان اسانس دانه گیاه دارویی زنیان، پژوهش و سازندگی، 16 (4): 42-32.
امیدبیگی، ر. 1379. رهیافت­های تولید و فرآوری گیاهان دارویی(جلد سوم). انتشارات آستان قدس رضوی، 397 صفحه.
بالندری، ا. 1371. گردآوری و بررسی خصوصیات بوتانیکی توده­های علمی زیره سبز ایران. سازمان پژوهش­های علمی و صنعتی ایران.
بی نام. 1375. روش اندازه­گیری ازت موجود در گیاه. نشریه روش­های آنالیز گیاه. مؤسسه خاک و آب کشور، 982 صفحه.
حمیدی، ا. و دباغ محمدی نسب، ع. 1374. بررسی اثرات تراکم بوته بر کارآیی زراعی مصرف نیتروژن در دو هیبرید ذرت. مجله دانش کشاورزی، 10 (4): 58-43.
خلج، م. ع. و ادریسی، ب. 1392. اثر ازت و تراکم کاشت بر جذب عناصر غذایی و خصوصیات کمی و کیفی گل مریم رقم دابل (Polianthes tuberose L. Double). نشریه علوم باغبانی (علوم و صنایع کشاورزی)، 27 (1): 66-59.
صادقی، ب. 1370. اثر مقادیر ازت و آبیاری در تولید زیره سبز .سازمان پژوهش­های علمی و صنعتی خراسان.
حکم علی­پور، س. و سیدشریفی، ر. 1389. تأثیر تراکم بوته و سطوح نیتروژن بر عملکرد، کارآیی مصرف کود و روند رشد ذرت. مجله دانش کشاورزی و تولید پایدار، 2/20 (3): 25-13.
علیزاده، ا.، مجیدی، ا. و نورمحمدی، ق. 1387. تأثیر تنش خشکی و میزان نیتروژن خاک بر جذب عناصر غذایی در ذرت رقم 704. پژوهش در علوم کشاورزی، 1: 59-51.
فتحی، ق. ا. 1377. نگرشی نو بر کارآیی مصرف عناصر غذایی (با تأکید بر عنصر ازت). مجموعه مقالات چهارمین کنگره زراعت و اصلاح نباتات ایران، دانشگاه تهران، ص 285-226.
کافی، م.، راشد محصل، م. ح.، کوچکی، ع. و ملافیلابی، ع. 1381. زیره سبز، فناوری تولید و فرآوری. مؤسسه چاپ و انتشارات دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، 195 صفحه.
کوچکی، ع.، راشد محصل، م. ح.، نصیری، م. و صدرآبادی، ر. 1373. مبانی فیزیولوژی رشد و نمو گیاهان زراعی. انتشارات آستان قدس رضوی، مشهد، 404 صفحه.
مازندرانی، م.، سلیمانی، ه. و احمدی، م. 1383. مقایسه کمیت و کیفیت مواد مؤثره اسانس زیره در استان­های گلستان و خراسان. مجموعه مقالات اولین همایش زیره سبز. دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد سبزوار. ص 121-122.
مراقبی، ف.، پیدا، س. و عاقل پسند، ه. 1387. بررسی تأثیر چهار سطح تیمار کودی بر مورفولوژی زیره سبز محلی خراسان، کرمان و اصفهان. مجله علوم پایه دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، 18 (1): 70-61.
ملکوتی، م. ج. و نفیسی، م. 1371. مصرف کود در اراضی فاریاب و دیم. انتشارات دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، 242 صفحه.
ولدآبادی، ع.، علی­آبادی فراهانی، ح. و معاونی، پ. 1389. بررسی اثرهای مصرف نیتروژن بر بازده اسانس و عملکرد دانه توده­های مختلف زیره سبز (.L Cuminum cyminum) در منطقه قزوین. فصلنامه تحقیقات گیاهان دارویی و معطر ایران، 26 (3): 357-348.
Adeairan, J. A. and Bonjorko, V. A. 1993. Response of maize to nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer in the Savana zones of Nigeria. Common Soil Science Plant Annual, 26: 593-606.
Ashraf, M., Mushtaq, M. A. and Nisar, A. 2002. Effect of sub- and supra-optimal nitrogen regimes on nutrient relations in two spring wheat cultivars differing in salinity tolerance. Flora, 197: 126-133.
Ashraf, M., Qasim, A. and Zafar, I. 2006. Effect of nitrogen application rate on the content and composition of oil, essential oil and mineral in black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) seeds. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 86: 871-876.
Benjamin, J. G., Pokter, L. K., Duke, H. and Ahuja, L. R. 1997. Corn growth and nitrogen uptake with furrow irrigation and fertilizer bands. Agronomy Journal, 89: 609-612.
Bennett, J. M., Motti, L. S. M., Rao, P. S. C. and Wjones, J. 2003. Interactive effects of nitrogen and water stresses on bromes accumulation, nitrogen uptake and seed yield of maize field. Crop Research, 19: 297-311.
Breemhaar, H. G. and Bouman, A. 1995. Mechanical harvesting and cleaning of Calendula officinalis and Dimorphotheca pluvialis. Industrial Crops and Products, 4 (3): 281-284.
Chapman, H. D. and Pratt, P. F. 1961. Methods of Analysis for Soils, Plants and Waters. University of California. Division of Agricultural Sciences.
Crock, J. E. 1999. Effect of nitrogen application and row spacing on coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) production under irrigated condition in semi arid Rajasthan. Indian Journal of Agriculture Science, 58: 568-569.
De Pascal, S., Tamburrino, R., Maggio, A., Barbieri, G., Fogliano, V. and Pernice, R. 2006. Effect of nitrogen fertilization on the nutritional value of organically and conventionally grown tomatoes. Proceedings of the International Symposium towards Ecologically Sound Fertilisation Strategies for Field Vegetable Production, 700: 107-110.
Engelbrecht, G. M. 2004. The effects of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilization on the growth, yield and quality of Lachenalia. Ph.D. Thesis. Agriculture Science University of the Free State, Bloemfontein. 200 p.
Goodroad, L. and Jellum, M. D. 1988. Effect of N fertilizer rate and soil pH on N efficiency in corn. Plant Soil, 106: 85-89.
Grove, T. L., Ritchey, K. D. and Naderman, G. C. 1982. Nitrogen fertilization of maize on an oxisol of the cerrado of Brazil. Agronomy Journal, 72: 261-265.
Hamidi, A. and Dabbagh Mohammadi Nasab, A. 2000. Effects of plant density on crop nitrogen use efficiency in corn hybrid. Agricultural Science, 10: 57-43.
Jackson, M. L. 1967. Soil Chemical Analysis, Prentice-Hall of India Private Limited, New Delhi.
Kim, H. H., Ohkawa, K. and Nitta, E. 1998. Effects of bulb weight on the growth and flowering of Leucocoryne coquimbensis F. Phill. Acta Horticultrae, 454: 341-346.
Lips, S. H., Leidi, E. O. and Silberbush, M. 1990. Nitrogen assimilation of plant under stress and high concentrations. PP. 207-215. In: Ulrich, W. R., Rigano, C., Fuggi, A. and Aparicio, P. J. (Eds.), Inorganic Nitrogen in Plants and Microorganisms, Uptake and Metabolism, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Malakoti, M. J. R. and Gheibi, M. N. 2003. Principles of corn nutrition: Optimization of fertilizer a step toward self sufficiency in maize production in the country. 0.39. Sana press. P 39.
Mane, P. K., Bankar, G. J. and Makne, S. S. 2007. Influence of spacing, bulb size and depth of planting on flower yield and quality of tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa L.) cv. Single. Indian Journal of Agriculture Research, 41 (1): 71-74.
Marschner, H. 1995. Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants (2nd edn). Academic Press, London.
Mashayekhi Sardooyi, A., Shirzadi, M. H. and Naghavi, H. 2011. Effect of planting date and plant density on yield and yield components of green cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.). Middle-East Journal of Science Research, 9 (6): 773-777.
Mengel, K. and Kirkby, E. A. 1987. Principles of Plants. International Potash Institute, Bern. p. 367-390.
Mojiri, A. and Arzani, A. 2003. Effects of nitrogen rate and plant density on yield and yield components of sunflower. Journal of Science and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources, 7 (2): 115-125.
Moll, R. H., Kamprath, E. J. and Jackson, W. A. 1982. Analysis and interpretation of factors which contribute to efficiency of nitrogen utilization. Agronomy Journal, 74: 562-564.
Mubassara, S. U., Zahed, M., Khan, M., Motiur, R., Fazlul, K. and Aknod, M. 2008. Seed inoculation effect of Azospirillum spp. on growth, biomass and yield parameters of wheat. Academic Journal of Plant Sciences, 1: 56-61.
Patrick, J. W. and Offler, C. E. 2001. Compartmentation of transport and transfer events in developing seeds. Journal of Experimental Botany, 52: 551-564.
Polyanskaya, E. S. and Arnautora, N. I. 1980. Effect of long-term application of mineral fertilizer on Mn contents in soil and plant. Agrochlmica, 2: 82-88.
Rajiv, K. and Misra, R. L. 2011. Studies on nitrogen application in combination with phosphorus or potassium on gladiolus cv. Jester Gold. Indian Journal Horticultural, 68 (4): 535-539.
Raun, W. R. and Johnson, G. V. 1999. Improving nitrogen use efficiency for cereal production. Agronomy Journal, 91: 57-363.
Rochester, I., Ceeney, S., Maas, S., Gordon, R., Hanna, L. and Hill, J. 2009. Monitoring nitrogen use efficiency in cotton crops. Australian Cottongrower, 30 (2): 42-43.
Salisbury, F. B. and Ross, C. W. 1991. Plant physiology. Fourth edition, Wadsworth Publishing Company, Belmont, California, USA, 682 p.
Saxena, A. 2004. Effect of nitrogen levels and harvesting management on quality of essential oil in peppermint cultivars. Indian Perfurmer, 33 (3): 182-185.
Scott, P. 2008. Mineral nutrition of plants. In: Physiology and Behavior of Plants. John Wiley and Sons, NewYork.
Sfandiyari Sabzevar, T. and Ahmadzadeh Ghavidel, R. 2011. Effects of planting date and irrigation date on qualitative and quantitative characteristics of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.). World Applied Science Journal, 15 (6): 849-852.
Silberbush, M., Ephrath, J. E., Alekperov, C. and Ben-Asher, J. 2003. Nitrogen and potassium fertilization interactions with carbon dioxide enrichment in Hippeastrum bulb growth. Scientia Horticulture, 98: 85-90.
Singh, K. P. 2001. Response of single or split doses of nitrogen application on growth, flowering and corm production in gladiolus. Advance Plant Science, 13: 79-84.
Staal, M. F., Maatheusis, J. M. and Elzennga, T. M. 1991. Na+/K+ antiport activity in tonoplast vesicles from roots of the salt tolerant Plantago maritina and the salt sensitive Plantago medica. Plant Physiology, 82: 164-179.
Sunil, K., Singh, P. R. and Humar, S. 1998. Effect of nitrogen, bulb size and spacing on bulb and bulblet production of tuberose (Polinathes tuberosa L.). South Indian Horticulture, 46 (3-6): 294-298.
Sunitha, H. M. 2006. Effect of plant population, nutrition, pinching and growth regulators on plant growth, seed yield and quality of African marigold (Targetes erecta L.). M.Sc. (Horticultural) Thesis. University Agriculture Science, Dharwad, India. 120p.
Viets, F. G., Nelson, C. E. and Crawford, C. L. 1954. The effect of nitrogen on nutrient uptake by crop. Soil Science Society of America, 18: 297-301.
Waling, I., Van. Vark, W., Houba, V. J. G. and Van der lee, J. J. 1989. Soil and Plant Analysis, a series of syllabi. Part 7, Plant Analysis procedures. Wageningen Agriculture University.
Willatgamuwa, A., Platel, K., Saraswathi, G. and Srinivasan, K. 1998. Antidiabetic influence of dietary cumin seeds in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Nutrition Research, 18 (1): 131-142.