رابطه بین ویژگی‌های فیزیکوشیمیایی خاک و کیفیت میوه برخی ارقام و ژنوتیپ‌های"به" طی دوره پس از برداشت

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشیار، پژوهشکده میوه‌های معتدله وسردسیری، موسسه تحقیقات علوم باغبانی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران.

2 دانش‌آموخته کارشناسی ارشد، پژوهشکده میوه‌های معتدله وسردسیری، موسسه تحقیقات علوم باغبانی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران.

چکیده

این پژوهش به‌منظور تعیین ویژگی‌های فیزیکوشیمیایی و غلظت عناصر غذایی در میوه "به" رقم‌های ویدوجا، به اصفهان و به‌تا و ژنوتیپ‌های امیدبخش ( NB4، NB2،KVD2) تحت‌تأثیر تنش آهک خاک (خاک‌هایی با بافت سیلت-لومی-رسی (13 درصد کربنات کلسیم معادل خاک)، لومی-رسی (14 درصد کربنات کلسیم معادل خاک)، سیلت-لومی-رسی (15 درصد کربنات کلسیم معادل خاک) و لومی (16 و 18 درصد کربنات کلسیم معادل خاک) در زمان برداشت و در طول دوره نگهداری در سردخانه (زمان‌های 0، 60 و 120روز) در سال‌های 1399 و 1400 انجام شد. نتایج به‌دست‌آمده از آزمون لاندای ویلکز نشان داد که از بین متغیرهای تحقیق، متغیر دوره انبارمانی در سردخانه بیش‌ترین تأثیر بر کیفیت میوه نسبت‎‌به دو متغیر دیگر (رقم و مقدار کربنات کلسیم معادل خاک) را داشت، هرچند که ویژگی‌های فیزیکوشیمیایی و غلظت عناصر غذایی در میوه رقم‌ها در دوره انبارمانی در مقادیر مختلف کربنات کلسیم معادل خاک متفاوت بود. بیش‌ترین شاخص طعم میوه در ژنوتیپ امیدبخش NB2 و رقم به تا در خاک‌هایی با بافت لومی و با 18 درصد کربنات کلسیم معادل خاک و تا سه ماه انبارمانی نسبت‌به‌ دیگر رقم‌ها مشاهده گردید. در هیچ‌کدام از رقم‌ها و ژنوتیپ‌های موردمطالعه در سطوح بالای آهک خاک و در سه ماه انبارمانی، نسبت‌های عناصر غذایی ( Ca/Mg+K ،N/Ca,  و B×10-3/Ca) در میوه، که نقش تعیین‌کننده‌ای در بروز عوارض فیزیولوژی تغذیه‌ای در طول دوره انبارمانی در میوه (لکه قهوه‌ای در میوه، آب گزیدگی، شیرینی کم­تر، بدرنگ و بی‌مزه شدن) ‌دارند، با اعداد مرجع استاندارد مطابقت نداشت.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

The Relationship Between Soil Physicochemical Properties and Fruit Quality of Certain Quince Varieties and Genotypes During Postharvest Storage

نویسندگان [English]

  • mitra mirabdulbaghi 1
  • Mahyar Tavusi naeeny 2
1 Associate Professor, Temperate Fruits Research Center, Horticultural Science Research Institute, Ag. Research Education Extension Org. Karaj, Iran.
2 MSc Graduated Student. Temperate Fruits Research Center, Horticultural Science Research Institute, Ag. Research Education Extension Org. Karaj, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Introduction
A noteworthy aspect of quince trees is their susceptibility to chlorosis caused by iron deficiency in calcareous soils. Most of the quince genotypes identified in Iran are found in central regions (Tehran, Alborz, Isfahan, etc.) (Abdollahi, 2019), where soil lime content varies significantly. In the Tehran province, particularly in Damavand, soil lime content ranges from 10% to 44% (Fallahi, 1977). Unfortunately, there are no precise estimates of iron chlorosis damage in fruit trees in Iran. However, given the widespread distribution of calcareous soils in the country, lime-induced soil issues can potentially affect many fruit orchards. Some sources report up to 70% yield loss in pome fruit trees under calcareous soil conditions in Iran (Pirmoradian, 2019). Moreover, extensive genetic diversity in quince trees has been reported in Iran. Several studies on soil science and agricultural land classification in Iran over the past 40 years, conducted by the Soil and Water Research Institute, have shown that high to very high levels of soil calcium carbonate and alkaline pH are major limiting factors for the productivity of many fruit orchards (Jamshidi et al., 2014). In central regions, soil calcium carbonate levels range between 10% and 44% for soils with medium to heavy textures (Nurbbakhsh, 1999; Fallahi, 1977; Banaei, 2017). The genetic diversity of quince trees and varying levels of soil lime can significantly influence the physicochemical changes in quince fruit during storage (Mirabdulbaghi et al., 2023). Although valuable information is available in scientific literature regarding the appropriate harvest time, storability, and fruit quality of quince varieties/genotypes (Gunes et al., 2012; Radović et al., 2020), there is a lack of documented research in Persian on the relationship between soil physicochemical properties and fruit quality. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the physicochemical properties of soils with varying lime levels in loamy, loamy-clay, and silt-loamy-clay textures, with alkaline pH, and their impact on the quality indices of quince fruit during storage.
 
Materials and Methods
The research was conducted at the Kamelabad research orchard in Karaj, belonging to the Horticultural Research Institute/Central Research Institute for Temperate Fruits Research Center during the years 2020 and 2021. In 2020, the experiment was conducted on the fruits of the KVD1 genotype (variety 'Vidoja'), KVD3 genotype (variety 'Esfahan Quince'), PH2 genotype (variety 'Behta'), as well as promising genotypes (NB4, NB2, KVD2). In 2021, the genotypes KVD3 (variety 'Esfahan Quince') and PH2 (variety 'Behta'), along with the promising genotypes NB4 and NB2, were subjected to statistical calculations. At the start of the project, the trees were in their ninth year of planting. As per regional practice, the fruits were harvested on November 3rd (in 2020) and November 1st (in 2021), packed in five-fruit packages, and stored at a temperature of 1 to 2°C with 80-90% relative humidity in a cold storage facility for quality testing at storage durations of 0, 60, and 120 days. The study area is classified as having a Mediterranean climate with hot, dry summers and cold winters. Soil physicochemical properties were measured to assess soil lime content (%), total nitrogen (%), available phosphorus and potassium (mg/kg), pH, organic matter (%), and soil texture (%) before the experiment (Table 1). Physicochemical characteristics, i.e., the pH, total acidity (TA, %), total soluble solids (TSS, Brix), fruit flavor index (TSSA/TA) and moisture content (MC, %), , as well as the contents of some fruit mineral elements were measured at harvest and in two-month intervals during cold storage. The experiment was performed in a split-plot arrangement on the basis of the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 3 replications, 10 trees per replicate, and 6 seedling quince cultivarsThe main plots were the different levels of soil lime equivalent (10%, 12%, 14%, 16%, and 18%) and the subplot consisted of the seedlings of 6 cultivars/promising genotypes.The SPSS statistical software was utilized to assess the surveyed data.
 
Results and Discussion
When examining the obtained results and comparing them with domestic and foreign scientific sources, it can be acknowledged that in areas with soils of varying degrees of lime, as well as semi-heavy to heavy texture and alkaline pH, the length of the storage period in cold storage can significantly improve the quality and shelf life of fruits. Accurately adjusting the storage period in these areas can have significant positive effects on maintaining the quality characteristics of fruits. Scientific sources recommend a storage period of up to five months for quince cultivars (Tatari et al., 2019). However, the results of this research showed that the physicochemical characteristics and nutrient concentrations in the fruit of quince cultivars (Vidoja, Beh Isfahan, Behta) and promising genotypes (NB4, NB2, KVD2) varied during the storage period, influenced by the amount of lime and soil texture.
 
Conclusion
Our research findings indicated that fruit quality during cold storage is influenced by varying levels of soil calcium carbonate equivalent, cultivar, and storage duration. Although in terms of taste index, the promising genotype NB4 and the cultivar Behta can be considered as genotypes and cultivars tolerant to soils with up to 18% calcium carbonate equivalent. Additionally, this study revealed that at high soil lime levels (18% calcium carbonate equivalent), one cannot expect a suitable ratio of nutritional elements such as Ca/Mg+K, N/Ca, and Bˣ10-3/Ca, which play a crucial role in the manifestation of physiological nutritional disorders. They exhibited (brown spots on the fruit, water-soaked areas, reduced sweetness, discoloration, and tastelessness) during the storage period.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Mineral nutrient content
  • Taste index
  • Fruit moisture percentage
  • Fruit-PH
Alae-Carew, C., Nicoleau, S., Bird, F. A., Hawkins, P., Tuomisto, H. L., Haines, A., Dangour AD, Scheelbeek PF (2020). The impact of environmental changes on the yield and nutritional quality of fruits, nuts and seeds: a systematic review. Environmental Research Letters, 15(2), 023002. 15(2):023002. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab5cc0
Alcántara, E., Montilla, I., Ramírez, P., García-Molina, P., & Romera, F. J. (2012). Evaluation of quince clones for tolerance to iron chlorosis on calcareous soil under field conditions. Scientia horticulturae, 138, 50-54.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2012.02.004
Aruani, M. C., & Behmer, S. (2004). Efecto de la granulometría y la compactación del suelo sobre la distribución de           raíces en manzano. RIA. Revista de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, 33(2), 43- 53 .  http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=86433204 
Aruani, M.C., N. Barnes, G. Striebeck, B. Osre, & Machuca, Y. (2011). Physical and physico-chemical properties of saline soils and effects on yield and quality of ‘Williams’ pear in the Upper RioNegro Valley, Argentina. Acta Horticulturae 909:303-308. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2011.909.33
Bakhshi, B. (2009). The use of SPSS in agricultural statistical analyses. [in Persian].     https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305958846
     https://doi.org/10.1016/S0176-1617(11)81989-9
Casero, T., Benavides, A., Puy, J. (2004). Recasens I. Relationships between leaf and fruit nutrients and fruit quality attributes in golden smoothee apples using multivariate regression techniques. J. Plant Nutrition. 27 (2):313-24. https://doi.org/10.1081/PLN-120027656
Draghi, L., Jorajuría, D., Cerrisola, C., & Márquez Delgado, L. (2005). Resistência específica do solo de um pomar frutícola relacionada ao manejo entrelinhas e intensidade de tráfego. Engenharia Agrícola, 25, 385-394. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-69162005000200012
Drouneou, G. (1942). Dosage rapid, du calcaire actif des sols. Ann Agron. 12:441–450.
     Faostat, 1977. Calcareous Soils. FAO Soils Bulletin 21.
Faostat, (2016). FAO Statistical Year Book. Food and Agriculture Organization. Publication, Rome, Italy. 307pp. http://faostat.fao.org/site/291/default.aspx
Fallahi, S. (1977). Preferential soil reports of Isfahan province. Soil and Water Research Institute of Iran. SID.0.0t (531). [In Persian].
Farooq R.A, Khan I. (2012). Physico- Chemical Quality of Apple cv. Gala fruit Stored At Low Temprature. FUUAST Journal of Biology 2, 103-107. https://fuuastjb.org/index.php/fuuastjb/article/view/323
Ghasemi, A. (2002). Collection and identification of different quince genotype (Cydonia oblonga Mill.) in Isfahanprovince. Final Report of Research Project. Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center of Isfahan, Iran123p. (in Persian with English abstract)
Goldin, A. (2001). Relation between aspect and plant distribution on calcareous soils near Missoula, Montana Northwest Science 3:197-203. https://hdl.handle.net/2376/936
Graph-Pad Statistics., (2020). Discriminate Analysis with SPSS Software. Statistical tutorials and software guides.,  https://graphpad.ir/discriminate-analysis-with-spss/.php
Gunes, N.T., Dumanoglu, H.& Poyrazoglu, E.S (2012). Use of 1-MCP for keeping postharvest quality of Ekmek’quince fruit. Acta Horticulturae; 934: 297– 302. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2012.934.37
 Imami, A. (1996). Plant analysis method. The Institute of Soil and Water Research, Technical Publication No. 982. (Vol. 1), 128 pages.  (In Farsi).
Habibi, A. (2017). SPSS practical training. Pars electronic publication, manager. Number of pages: 200. [in Persian].
Haj- Najari, H. (2017). Atlas of fruit tree cultivars of Iran. Publisher: Agricultural Promotion, Education and Research Organization, Agricultural Education Publication Promotion. 232 pages. [In Persian].
Isaac, R.A.and, Kerber, J.D. (1971). Atomic absorption and flame photometry: Techniques and uses in soil plant and water analysis. In: Walsh, L.M. (ed.), Instr Method Anal Plant Tissue, pp: 17–37. Soil Sci Soc Amer. Madison, WI. 
Ismailpour, A., Marashi, S., Omid, A.H.;; Imani, M.H.R., Azadi, P., Bouzeri, N., Haj- Najjar, H., Dastjerdi, R., Fathullah-Taleghani, D., Fleck-Rowe, K., Gulin, B & Azimi, M.H. (2016). Garden cultivars, past and future. 2019. Ministry of Agricultural Jihad, Agricultural Education and Extension Research Organization, Research Affairs Office, Horticultural Science Research Institute. Frost number 51965, 214 pages. [in Persian].
Jamshidi, H., Mirnaser Navidi, K., &d Momeni, A. (2014). Forty years of soil science studies at the Soil and Water Research Institute. Soil and Water Research Institute/Soil Formation, Classification and Identification Research Department Publisher: Agriculture Research, Education and Promotion Organization. With registration number 61-94 K. 62 pages.[in Persian].
Lekshmi, S., Rugmini, P.& Thomas, J. (1998). Characteristics of defaulters in agricultural credit use: A micro level analysis with reference to Kerala. Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics. 53(4):640-7.
Marschner, P. (2012). Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants, 3rd Ed. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, USA.2012. https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780123849052/marschners-mineral-nutrition-of-higher-plants
Mirabdulbaghi, M., Tavusi, M., Abdollahi, H. & Zarghami, R. (2023). Fruit Mineral Content and Postharvest Quality of Quince (Cydonia oblonga Mill.) as Affected by Soil Lime Stress. Erwerbs-Obstbau, 65(6), pp.2623-2631. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10341-023-00978-6
Moradi, S., Koushesh- Saba, M., Mozafari, A.A. & Abdollahi, H. (2017) Physical and biochemical changes of some Iranian quince (Cydonia oblonga Mill) genotypes during cold storage. J. Agric. Sci. Technol, 19: 377-388.
     URI: http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/3697
Nurbakhsh, F. (1999). Soil science studies and general land classification of the central region of Isfahan province (Shahreza and Dahaghan). Soil and Water Research Institute. technical publication; 1095 . [In Persian].
Olsen, R.A& Sommers, L.E. (1982) In: A L Miller RH, and Kenney DR (eds.). Phosphorus in Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 2, pp: 403–30. Soil Sci Soc Amer Inc Madison, WI.
Pirmoradian, P. (2019). The role of root and variety in iron chlorosis caused by lime in fruit trees of temperate regions. Research Institute of Horticultural Sciences, Temperate Fruits Research Institute. No. 56323. This publication has been registered in the Information and Information Technology Center of the country.[in Persian].
Rasheed, M., Hussain, I., Rafiq, S., Hayat, I., Qayyum, A., Ishaq, S.& Awan, M.S. (2018). Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of quince fruit pulp collected from different locations. Int. J. Food Prop. 21(1):2320-2327. DOI:10.1080/10942912.2018.1514631
Radović, A., Milatović, D., Nikolić, D., Đurović, D., Đorđević, B. & Bakić, I. (2020). Changes in fruit quality of quinces during cold storage. InIV Balkan Symposium on Fruit Growing 1289 2020; (pp. 73-78). https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2020.1289.11
Rodger, C.E. & Campbell. C.S. (2002). The origin of the ap‌ple subfamily (Maloideae; Rosaceae) is clarified by DNA sequence data from duplicated GBSSI genes. American Journal of Botany, 89: 1478–1484. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.9.1478
Rop, O., Balik, J., Řezníček, V., Juríková, T., Škardová, P., Salaš, P., Sochor, J., Mlček, J. & Kramářová, D. (2011). Chemical characteristics of fruits of some selected quince (Cydonia oblonga Mill.) cultivars. Czech Journal of Food Sciences. https://doi.org/10.17221/212/2009-CJFS
Stephanie, G. (2015). "Wilks’ Lambda: Simple Definition" From Statistics How To.com: Elementary Statistics for the rest of us! 2015.  https://www.statisticshowto.com/wilks-lambda
Tatari, M., Mahlouji, M.&, Ghorbani, E. (2019). Determination of the Appropriate Harvest Time and Storability of some Cultivars and Promising Genotypes of Quince (Cydonia oblonga Mill.) in Cold Storage Conditions. Journal of Horticultural Science. Vol. 33, No.4, Winter 2019, P. 639-653. https://doi.org/10.22067/jhorts4.v33i4.74752
Walky, A.& Black, I.A. (1934). An examination of the digital method for determining soil organic matter and proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Sci. 37: 29–38. https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-193401000-00003
Weibel, F., Widmer, F.&, Husistein, A. (2004). Comparison of production systems: integrated and organic apple production. Part III: Inner quality: composition and sensory. Schweizer Zeitschrif tfür Obst- und Weinbau 140, 10-13. https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/full/10.5555/20043063973
Yamamoto, T., Kimura, T., Soejima, J., Sanada, T., Ban, Y.& Hayashi, T.  (2004). Identification of quince varieties using SSR markers developed from pear and apple. Breeding Science, 54: 239–244. https://doi.org/10.1270/jsbbs.54.239